Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Grade 19)
Introduction to Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Grade 19)
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, or Grade 19, is a metastable beta-titanium alloy developed for high-strength structural applications requiring superior cold formability and deep hardenability. It offers a unique combination of high tensile strength, excellent toughness, and moderate corrosion resistance—making it a strong candidate for aerospace, defense, and industrial equipment.
Due to its high mechanical performance and excellent machinability in the solution-treated condition, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al is well-suited for precision CNC machined titanium parts. These parts benefit from tight tolerances, fine surface finish, and the flexibility offered by advanced CNC machining services, especially for structural aerospace and automotive components.
Chemical, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Grade 19)
Chemical Composition (Typical)
Element | Composition Range (wt.%) | Key Role |
|---|---|---|
Titanium (Ti) | Balance | Corrosion resistance and structural base element |
Vanadium (V) | 9.0–11.0 | Beta stabilizer, improves strength and ductility |
Iron (Fe) | 1.7–2.3 | Increases hardenability and tensile properties |
Aluminum (Al) | 2.5–3.5 | Improves strength and stability |
Oxygen (O) | ≤0.15 | Strengthens alloy with slight tradeoff in ductility |
Hydrogen (H) | ≤0.015 | Controlled to prevent embrittlement |
Nitrogen (N) | ≤0.03 | Residual element |
Carbon (C) | ≤0.05 | Residual element |
Physical Properties
Property | Value (Typical) | Test Standard/Condition |
|---|---|---|
Density | 4.64 g/cm³ | ASTM B311 |
Melting Range | 1580–1620°C | ASTM E1268 |
Thermal Conductivity | 7.2 W/m·K at 100°C | ASTM E1225 |
Electrical Resistivity | 1.68 µΩ·m at 20°C | ASTM B193 |
Thermal Expansion | 8.7 µm/m·°C | ASTM E228 |
Specific Heat Capacity | 560 J/kg·K at 20°C | ASTM E1269 |
Elastic Modulus | 114 GPa | ASTM E111 |
Mechanical Properties (Solution Treated + Aged)
Property | Value (Typical) | Test Standard |
|---|---|---|
Tensile Strength | 1100–1250 MPa | ASTM E8/E8M |
Yield Strength (0.2%) | 1030–1180 MPa | ASTM E8/E8M |
Elongation | ≥10% | ASTM E8/E8M |
Hardness | 330–370 HB | ASTM E10 |
Creep Resistance | Moderate to Good | ASTM E139 |
Fatigue Resistance | High | ASTM E466 |
Key Characteristics of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Grade 19)
High Tensile and Yield Strength: Exhibits yield strength >1000 MPa after heat treatment, comparable to some steels, with ~45% lower density.
Good Cold Formability: Unlike most high-strength titanium grades, Grade 19 retains moderate ductility in the solution-treated state, suitable for forming operations.
Deep Hardenability: Offers uniform mechanical properties through thick sections, making it ideal for forged and load-bearing parts.
Weldable with Post-treatment: Weldable in the solution-treated condition with proper filler and aging to restore strength.
CNC Machining Challenges and Solutions for Grade 19 Titanium
Machining Challenges
Moderate Work Hardening: Though easier than alpha-beta alloys, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al can still work harden under poor chip control.
Heat Buildup and Tool Wear: Thermal conductivity is low, requiring high coolant pressure and sharp tooling to avoid surface burn or tool failure.
Springback and Recovery: The elastic modulus (114 GPa) leads to slight springback in thin-walled or precision parts.
Surface Galling: High-strength beta phase can cause smearing or galling on cutting edges during dry cutting or poor lubrication.
Optimized Machining Strategies
Tool Selection
Parameter | Recommendation | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
Tool Material | Fine-grain carbide or CBN | Ensures strength and wear resistance |
Coating | AlTiN or TiSiN (≥3 µm PVD) | Prevents galling and increases tool life |
Geometry | Sharp positive rake, honed edge | Minimizes work hardening and cutting force |
Cutting Speed | 25–55 m/min | Reduces tool temperature and deformation |
Feed Rate | 0.10–0.25 mm/rev | Maintains clean cutting with good chip evacuation |
Coolant | Through-tool emulsion ≥100 bar | Provides effective chip flushing and cooling |
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Grade 19) Cutting Parameters (ISO 3685 Compliance)
Operation | Speed (m/min) | Feed (mm/rev) | Depth of Cut (mm) | Coolant Pressure (bar) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Roughing | 20–30 | 0.15–0.20 | 2.0–3.0 | 80–100 (Through-tool) |
Finishing | 45–60 | 0.05–0.10 | 0.2–0.5 | 100–150 |
Surface Treatment for Grade 19 Titanium Parts
Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) increases fatigue life and structural density for aerospace-grade forgings and landing gear parts.
Heat Treatment includes solution treating at 750–800°C and aging at 500–550°C to optimize strength and ductility.
Superalloy Welding is feasible in the solution-treated state, with aging post-weld to restore mechanical performance.
Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) is applied on parts exposed to cyclic thermal loads to protect surfaces from oxidation.
CNC Machining supports high-tolerance fabrication of flight-critical or suspension components to ±0.01 mm.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is used for complex profiles, cooling holes, or micro-geometry on hardened parts.
Deep Hole Drilling enables L/D >30:1 with straightness <0.3 mm/m and surface finish Ra ≤1.6 µm.
Material Testing ensures phase composition, hardness uniformity, and structural integrity through tensile, creep, and ultrasonic NDT.
Material Testing and Analysis
Testing for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al includes high-temperature tensile strength verification, aging response characterization, fracture toughness, and ultrasonic flaw detection in accordance with aerospace and military standards.
Industry Applications of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Grade 19)
Aerospace: Aircraft fittings, hydraulic actuators, and fasteners demanding high strength and low weight.
Defense: Components in missile bodies, airframes, and shock-absorbing assemblies.
Power Generation: Structural bolts and rotating parts in high-load, high-speed turbine assemblies.
Industrial Equipment: Robotic frames, articulated joints, and load-bearing systems requiring lightness and durability.
FAQs
What CNC parameters are recommended for machining Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Grade 19)?
How does Grade 19 compare to alpha-beta titanium alloys regarding machinability and strength?
What surface treatments enhance the corrosion and fatigue resistance of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al parts?
What applications in aerospace benefit most from Grade 19 titanium?
What tolerance and surface finish can be achieved when CNC machining this alloy?
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